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0 -11.2 Td
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0 -11.2 Td
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0 -11.2 Td
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0 -11.2 Td
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( ) Tj
.17 Tw
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(Autodesk again filed a DMCA take-down notice with eBay.) Tj
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(eBay account.) Tj
/F1 12 Tf 100 Tz
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(II.) Tj
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(Inc.) Tj
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(, 555 F. Supp. 2d 1164, 1170-71, 1175 \(W.D. Wash.) Tj
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(2008\). ) Tj
12 -26 Td
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(infringing under the first sale doctrine.) Tj
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(See) Tj
0 -11.1 Td
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(United States v. Wise) Tj
/F2 10 Tf 100 Tz
(, 550 F.2d 1180, 1187 \(9th Cir. 1977\) \() Tj
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(breach of an agreement restricting its sale.) Tj
(º\). ) Tj
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(ªThere is no claim in this case) Tj
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(subsequent sales of the book.) Tj
(º\).) Tj
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([2]) Tj
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() Tj
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( ) Tj
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(year. ) Tj
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(See ) Tj
/F2 12 Tf 100 Tz
(17 U.S.C. §) Tj
0 Tw
( ) Tj
.6 Tw
(41 \(1909\). In its current form, it allows) Tj
0 -13.2 Td
.33 Tw
(the ) Tj
(ªowner of a particular copy) Tj
(º of a copyrighted work to sell) Tj
0 -13.2 Td
-.55 Tw
(or dispose of his copy without the copyright owner's authoriza-) Tj
/F5 6 Tf 100 Tz
0 Ts
/F2 12 Tf 100 Tz
0 -13.2 Td
.55 Tw
(tion.) Tj
4.9 Ts
/F5 6 Tf 100 Tz
(7) Tj
0 Ts
/F2 12 Tf 100 Tz
( ) Tj
/F4 12 Tf 100 Tz
(Id) Tj
/F2 12 Tf 100 Tz
(. §) Tj
0 Tw
( ) Tj
.55 Tw
(109\(a\) \(enacted 1976\). The first sale doctrine does) Tj
0 -13.2 Td
.09 Tw
(not apply to a person who possesses a copy of the copyrighted) Tj
0 -13.2 Td
1.07 Tw
(work without owning it, such as a licensee. ) Tj
/F4 12 Tf 100 Tz
(See id) Tj
/F2 12 Tf 100 Tz
(. §) Tj
0 Tw
( ) Tj
1.07 Tw
(109\(d\);) Tj
/F2 10 Tf 100 Tz
10 -26 Td
4.1 Ts
/F5 6 Tf 100 Tz
.74 Tw
(7) Tj
0 Ts
/F2 10 Tf 100 Tz
(The parties dispute who bears the burden to prove the first sale or the) Tj
-10 -11.2 Td
.4 Tw
(absence thereof in a civil case, a question we have not yet resolved. Since) Tj
0 -11.2 Td
.3 Tw
(the facts in this case are undisputed, including the chain of software trans-) Tj
0 -11.2 Td
1 Tw
(fers, we need not decide the issue. ) Tj
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/F2 11 Tf 100 Tz
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1.1 Tw
( v. A) Tj
/F2 7.7 Tf 101.2 Tz
.79 Tw
(UTODESK) Tj
/F2 11 Tf 100 Tz
0 Ts
1.1 Tw
(, I) Tj
/F2 7.7 Tf 101.2 Tz
.79 Tw
(NC) Tj
/F2 11 Tf 100 Tz
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0 -8.4 Td
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0 Tc
(cf. Quality King Distribs., Inc. v. L'Anza Research Int'l Inc.) Tj
/F2 12 Tf 100 Tz
(,) Tj
0 -13.3 Td
.36 Tw
(523 U.S. 135, 146-47 \(1998\) \() Tj
(ª[T]he first sale doctrine would) Tj
0 -13.3 Td
.8 Tw
(not provide a defense to . . . any non-owner such as a bailee,) Tj
0 -13.3 Td
.93 Tw
(a licensee, a consignee, or one whose possession of the copy) Tj
0 -13.3 Td
1.2 Tw
(was unlawful.) Tj
(º\).) Tj
/F1 12 Tf 100 Tz
0 -26.3 Td
(B.) Tj
9 Tw
( ) Tj
1.2 Tw
(Owners vs. licensees) Tj
/F2 12 Tf 100 Tz
12 -26.2 Td
1.42 Tw
(We turn to our precedents governing whether a transferee) Tj
-12 -13.3 Td
1.66 Tw
(of a copy of a copyrighted work is an owner or licensee of) Tj
0 -13.2 Td
.37 Tw
(that copy. We then apply those precedents to CTA's and Ver-) Tj
0 -13.2 Td
1.2 Tw
(nor's possession of Release 14 copies.) Tj
11 -26.2 Td
(1.) Tj
9 Tw
( ) Tj
1.2 Tw
/F4 12 Tf 100 Tz
(United States v. Wise) Tj
/F2 12 Tf 100 Tz
(, 550 F.2d 1180 \(9th Cir. 1977\)) Tj
1 -26.2 Td
.16 Tw
(In ) Tj
/F4 12 Tf 100 Tz
(Wise) Tj
/F2 12 Tf 100 Tz
(, a criminal copyright infringement case, we consid-) Tj
-12 -13.2 Td
.08 Tw
(ered whether copyright owners who transferred copies of their) Tj
0 -13.2 Td
2.55 Tw
(motion pictures pursuant to written distribution agreements) Tj
0 -13.2 Td
.3 Tw
(had executed first sales. ) Tj
/F4 12 Tf 100 Tz
(Id) Tj
/F2 12 Tf 100 Tz
(. at 1187. The defendant was found) Tj
0 -13.2 Td
1.08 Tw
(guilty of copyright infringement based on his for-profit sales) Tj
0 -13.2 Td
.83 Tw
(of motion picture prints. ) Tj
/F4 12 Tf 100 Tz
(See id) Tj
/F2 12 Tf 100 Tz
(. at 1183. The copyright own-) Tj
0 -13.2 Td
1.36 Tw
(ers distributed their films to third parties pursuant to written) Tj
0 -13.2 Td
1.22 Tw
(agreements that restricted their use and transfer. ) Tj
/F4 12 Tf 100 Tz
(Id) Tj
/F2 12 Tf 100 Tz
(. at 1183-) Tj
0 -13.2 Td
3.41 Tw
(84. On appeal, the defendant argued that the government) Tj
0 -13.2 Td
.46 Tw
(failed to prove the absence of a first sale for each film.) Tj
4.9 Ts
/F5 6 Tf 100 Tz
(8) Tj
0 Ts
/F2 12 Tf 100 Tz
( If the) Tj
0 -13.2 Td
.07 Tw
(copyright owners' initial transfers of the films were first sales,) Tj
0 -13.2 Td
1.82 Tw
(then the defendant's resales were protected by the first sale) Tj
0 -13.2 Td
1.2 Tw
(doctrine and thus were not copyright infringement.) Tj
12 -26.2 Td
1.21 Tw
(To determine whether a first sale occurred, we considered) Tj
-12 -13.2 Td
3 Tw
(multiple factors pertaining to each film distribution agree-) Tj
0 -13.2 Td
1.28 Tw
(ment. Specifically, we considered whether the agreement \(a\)) Tj
0 -13.2 Td
1.41 Tw
(was labeled a license, \(b\) provided that the copyright owner) Tj
0 -13.2 Td
1.3 Tw
(retained title to the prints, \(c\) required the return or destruc-) Tj
/F2 10 Tf 100 Tz
10 -26 Td
4.1 Ts
/F5 6 Tf 100 Tz
1.74 Tw
(8) Tj
0 Ts
/F2 10 Tf 100 Tz
(In ) Tj
/F4 10 Tf 100 Tz
(Wise) Tj
/F2 10 Tf 100 Tz
(, we construed former 17 U.S.C. §) Tj
0 Tw
( ) Tj
1.74 Tw
(27, since ) Tj
/F4 10 Tf 100 Tz
(replaced by) Tj
/F2 10 Tf 100 Tz
( 17) Tj
-10 -11.2 Td
.12 Tw
(U.S.C. §) Tj
0 Tw
( ) Tj
.12 Tw
(109\(a\), the current codification of the first sale doctrine. The pro-) Tj
0 -11.2 Td
1 Tw
(visions are materially similar. ) Tj
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(13873) Tj
-181.7551 0 Td
(V) Tj
/F2 7.7 Tf 101.2 Tz
.79 Tw
(ERNOR) Tj
/F2 11 Tf 100 Tz
0 Ts
1.1 Tw
( v. A) Tj
/F2 7.7 Tf 101.2 Tz
.79 Tw
(UTODESK) Tj
/F2 11 Tf 100 Tz
0 Ts
1.1 Tw
(, I) Tj
/F2 7.7 Tf 101.2 Tz
.79 Tw
(NC) Tj
/F2 11 Tf 100 Tz
0 Ts
1.1 Tw
(.) Tj
ET
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(tion of the prints, \(d\) forbade duplication of prints, or \(e\)) Tj
0 -13.3 Td
.25 Tw
(required the transferee to maintain possession of the prints for) Tj
0 -13.3 Td
2.52 Tw
(the agreement's duration. ) Tj
/F4 12 Tf 100 Tz
(Id) Tj
/F2 12 Tf 100 Tz
(. at 1190-92. Our use of these) Tj
0 -13.3 Td
1.58 Tw
(several considerations, none dispositive, may be seen in our) Tj
0 -13.3 Td
1.2 Tw
(treatment of each film print. ) Tj
12 -26.4 Td
1.32 Tw
(For example, we reversed the defendant's conviction with) Tj
-12 -13.3 Td
1.97 Tw
(respect to ) Tj
/F4 12 Tf 100 Tz
(Camelot) Tj
/F2 12 Tf 100 Tz
(. ) Tj
/F4 12 Tf 100 Tz
(Id) Tj
/F2 12 Tf 100 Tz
(. at 1194. It was unclear whether the) Tj
/F4 12 Tf 100 Tz
0 -13.3 Td
.15 Tw
(Camelot ) Tj
/F2 12 Tf 100 Tz
(print sold by the defendant had been subject to a first) Tj
0 -13.3 Td
2.05 Tw
(sale. Copyright owner Warner Brothers distributed ) Tj
/F4 12 Tf 100 Tz
(Camelot) Tj
/F2 12 Tf 100 Tz
0 -13.3 Td
2 Tw
(prints pursuant to multiple agreements, and the government) Tj
0 -13.3 Td
1.11 Tw
(did not prove the absence of a first sale with respect to each) Tj
0 -13.3 Td
.44 Tw
(agreement. ) Tj
/F4 12 Tf 100 Tz
(Id) Tj
/F2 12 Tf 100 Tz
(. at 1191-92, 1194. We noted that, in one agree-) Tj
0 -13.3 Td
5.33 Tw
(ment, Warner Brothers had retained title to the prints,) Tj
0 -13.3 Td
.86 Tw
(required possessor National Broadcasting Company \() Tj
(ªNBC) Tj
(º\)) Tj
0 -13.3 Td
.93 Tw
(to return the prints if the parties could select a mutual agree-) Tj
0 -13.3 Td
1.74 Tw
(able price,) Tj
4.9 Ts
/F5 6 Tf 100 Tz
(9) Tj
0 Ts
/F2 12 Tf 100 Tz
( and if not, required NBC's certification that the) Tj
0 -13.3 Td
.84 Tw
(prints were destroyed. ) Tj
/F4 12 Tf 100 Tz
(Id) Tj
/F2 12 Tf 100 Tz
(. at 1191. We held that these factors) Tj
0 -13.3 Td
1.2 Tw
(created a license rather than a first sale. ) Tj
/F4 12 Tf 100 Tz
(Id) Tj
/F2 12 Tf 100 Tz
(. ) Tj
12 -26.3 Td
1.08 Tw
(We further noted, however, that Warner Brothers had also) Tj
-12 -13.3 Td
.47 Tw
(furnished another ) Tj
/F4 12 Tf 100 Tz
(Camelot ) Tj
/F2 12 Tf 100 Tz
(print to actress Vanessa Redgrave.) Tj
/F4 12 Tf 100 Tz
0 -13.2 Td
1.09 Tw
(Id) Tj
/F2 12 Tf 100 Tz
(. at 1192. The print was provided to Redgrave at cost, and) Tj
0 -13.2 Td
.06 Tw
(her use of the print was subject to several restrictions. She had) Tj
0 -13.2 Td
1.2 Tw
(to retain possession of the print and was not allowed to sell,) Tj
0 -13.2 Td
1.58 Tw
(license, reproduce, or publicly exhibit the print. ) Tj
/F4 12 Tf 100 Tz
(Id) Tj
/F2 12 Tf 100 Tz
(. She had) Tj
0 -13.2 Td
1.47 Tw
(no obligation to return the print to Warner Brothers. ) Tj
/F4 12 Tf 100 Tz
(Id) Tj
/F2 12 Tf 100 Tz
(. We) Tj
0 -13.2 Td
1.41 Tw
(concluded, ) Tj
(ªWhile the provision for payment for the cost of) Tj
0 -13.2 Td
.43 Tw
(the film, standing alone, does not establish a sale, when taken) Tj
0 -13.2 Td
2 Tw
(with the rest of the language of the agreement, it reveals a) Tj
0 -13.2 Td
.66 Tw
(transaction strongly resembling a sale with restrictions on the) Tj
0 -13.2 Td
2.27 Tw
(use of the print.) Tj
(º ) Tj
/F4 12 Tf 100 Tz
(Id) Tj
/F2 12 Tf 100 Tz
(. There was no evidence of the print's) Tj
0 -13.2 Td
3.55 Tw
(whereabouts, and we held that ) Tj
(ª[i]n the absence of such) Tj
/F2 10 Tf 100 Tz
10 -26 Td
4.1 Ts
/F5 6 Tf 100 Tz
.76 Tw
(9) Tj
0 Ts
/F2 10 Tf 100 Tz
(Although the ) Tj
/F4 10 Tf 100 Tz
(Wise) Tj
/F2 10 Tf 100 Tz
( defendant contended that this repurchase provision) Tj
-10 -11.2 Td
1.78 Tw
(created a first sale, we held that it merely allowed Warner Brothers to) Tj
0 -11.2 Td
.48 Tw
(compensate NBC for its out-of-pocket cost in producing additional prints.) Tj
/F4 10 Tf 100 Tz
0 -11.2 Td
1 Tw
(Id) Tj
/F2 10 Tf 100 Tz
(. ) Tj
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(13874) Tj
90.7449 0 Td
(V) Tj
/F2 7.7 Tf 101.2 Tz
.79 Tw
(ERNOR) Tj
/F2 11 Tf 100 Tz
0 Ts
1.1 Tw
( v. A) Tj
/F2 7.7 Tf 101.2 Tz
.79 Tw
(UTODESK) Tj
/F2 11 Tf 100 Tz
0 Ts
1.1 Tw
(, I) Tj
/F2 7.7 Tf 101.2 Tz
.79 Tw
(NC) Tj
/F2 11 Tf 100 Tz
0 Ts
1.1 Tw
(.) Tj
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(proof,º the government failed to prove the absence of a first) Tj
0 -13.4 Td
.63 Tw
(sale with respect to this Redgrave print. ) Tj
/F4 12 Tf 100 Tz
(Id) Tj
/F2 12 Tf 100 Tz
(. at 1191-92. Since) Tj
0 -13.4 Td
2.41 Tw
(it was unclear which copy the defendant had obtained and) Tj
0 -13.4 Td
.8 Tw
(resold, his conviction for sale of ) Tj
/F4 12 Tf 100 Tz
(Camelot) Tj
/F2 12 Tf 100 Tz
( had to be reversed.) Tj
/F4 12 Tf 100 Tz
0 -13.4 Td
1.2 Tw
(Id) Tj
/F2 12 Tf 100 Tz
(. ) Tj
12 -26.6 Td
1.33 Tw
(Thus, under ) Tj
/F4 12 Tf 100 Tz
(Wise) Tj
/F2 12 Tf 100 Tz
(, where a transferee receives a particular) Tj
-12 -13.4 Td
1.03 Tw
(copy of a copyrighted work pursuant to a written agreement,) Tj
0 -13.4 Td
1.67 Tw
(we consider all of the provisions of the agreement to deter-) Tj
0 -13.4 Td
.94 Tw
(mine whether the transferee became an owner of the copy or) Tj
0 -13.4 Td
1.71 Tw
(received a license. We may consider \(1\) whether the agree-) Tj
0 -13.4 Td
2.93 Tw
(ment was labeled a license and \(2\) whether the copyright) Tj
0 -13.4 Td
.37 Tw
(owner retained title to the copy, required its return or destruc-) Tj
0 -13.4 Td
3.5 Tw
(tion, forbade its duplication, or required the transferee to) Tj
0 -13.4 Td
.53 Tw
(maintain possession of the copy for the agreement's duration.) Tj
/F4 12 Tf 100 Tz
0 -13.4 Td
1.06 Tw
(Id) Tj
/F2 12 Tf 100 Tz
(. at 1190-92. We did not find any one factor dispositive in) Tj
/F4 12 Tf 100 Tz
0 -13.4 Td
.73 Tw
(Wise) Tj
/F2 12 Tf 100 Tz
(: we did not hold that the copyright owner's retention of) Tj
0 -13.4 Td
.1 Tw
(title itself established the absence of a first sale or that a trans-) Tj
0 -13.4 Td
1.5 Tw
(feree's right to indefinite possession itself established a first) Tj
0 -13.4 Td
1.2 Tw
(sale.) Tj
4.9 Ts
/F5 6 Tf 100 Tz
.5 Tw
(10) Tj
0 Ts
/F2 12 Tf 100 Tz
11 -26.6 Td
1.2 Tw
(2.) Tj
9 Tw
( ) Tj
1.2 Tw
/F4 12 Tf 100 Tz
(The ) Tj
(ª) Tj
/F2 12 Tf 100 Tz
(MAI) Tj
/F4 12 Tf 100 Tz
( trio) Tj
(º of cases) Tj
/F2 12 Tf 100 Tz
1 -26.5 Td
.82 Tw
(Over fifteen years after ) Tj
/F4 12 Tf 100 Tz
(Wise) Tj
/F2 12 Tf 100 Tz
(, we again considered the dis-) Tj
-12 -13.4 Td
3.25 Tw
(tinction between owners and licensees of copies of copy-) Tj
0 -13.4 Td
2.8 Tw
(righted works in three software copyright cases, the ) Tj
(ª) Tj
/F4 12 Tf 100 Tz
(MAI) Tj
/F2 12 Tf 100 Tz
0 -13.4 Td
1.6 Tw
(trioº. ) Tj
/F4 12 Tf 100 Tz
(See ) Tj
(MAI Sys. Corp. v. Peak Computer, Inc.) Tj
/F2 12 Tf 100 Tz
(, 991 F.2d) Tj
0 -13.3 Td
1.27 Tw
(511 \(9th Cir. 1993\); ) Tj
/F4 12 Tf 100 Tz
(Triad Sys. Corp. v. Se. Express Co.) Tj
/F2 12 Tf 100 Tz
(, 64) Tj
0 -13.3 Td
2.36 Tw
(F.3d 1330 \(9th Cir. 1995\); ) Tj
/F4 12 Tf 100 Tz
(Wall Data, Inc. v. Los Angeles) Tj
0 -13.3 Td
1.33 Tw
(County Sheriff's Dep't) Tj
/F2 12 Tf 100 Tz
(, 447 F.3d 769 \(9th Cir. 2006\). In the) Tj
/F4 12 Tf 100 Tz
0 -13.3 Td
3.81 Tw
(MAI) Tj
/F2 12 Tf 100 Tz
( trio, we considered which software purchasers were) Tj
/F2 10 Tf 100 Tz
10 -26.2 Td
4.1 Ts
/F5 6 Tf 100 Tz
1.66 Tw
(10) Tj
0 Ts
/F4 10 Tf 100 Tz
(Cf. Hampton v. Paramount Pictures Corp.) Tj
/F2 10 Tf 100 Tz
(, 279 F.2d 100, 103 \(9th) Tj
-10 -11.3 Td
.85 Tw
(Cir. 1960\) \(holding in non-first sale doctrine case that the transferee of a) Tj
0 -11.3 Td
.56 Tw
(movie print was a licensee because the parties designated their agreement) Tj
0 -11.3 Td
1.46 Tw
(as a perpetual license, even though their agreement provided for a one-) Tj
0 -11.3 Td
1.22 Tw
(time lump sum payment and imposed no requirement that the transferee) Tj
0 -11.3 Td
1 Tw
(would return the outstanding prints and negatives\). ) Tj
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1.1 Tw
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(13875) Tj
-181.7551 0 Td
(V) Tj
/F2 7.7 Tf 101.2 Tz
.79 Tw
(ERNOR) Tj
/F2 11 Tf 100 Tz
0 Ts
1.1 Tw
( v. A) Tj
/F2 7.7 Tf 101.2 Tz
.79 Tw
(UTODESK) Tj
/F2 11 Tf 100 Tz
0 Ts
1.1 Tw
(, I) Tj
/F2 7.7 Tf 101.2 Tz
.79 Tw
(NC) Tj
/F2 11 Tf 100 Tz
0 Ts
1.1 Tw
(.) Tj
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0 -8.4 Td
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0 Tc
(owners of copies of copyrighted works for purposes of a sec-) Tj
0 -13 Td
3.04 Tw
(ond affirmative defense to infringement, the essential step) Tj
0 -13 Td
1.2 Tw
(defense.) Tj
/F1 12 Tf 100 Tz
12 -26 Td
1.45 Tw
([3]) Tj
/F2 12 Tf 100 Tz
() Tj
3 Tw
( ) Tj
1.45 Tw
(The enforcement of copyright owners' exclusive right) Tj
-12 -13 Td
1.52 Tw
(to reproduce their work under the Copyright Act, 17 U.S.C.) Tj
0 -13 Td
.03 Tw
(§) Tj
0 Tw
( ) Tj
.03 Tw
(106\(1\), has posed special challenges in the software context.) Tj
0 -13 Td
2.1 Tw
(In order to use a software program, a user's computer will) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
1.47 Tw
(automatically copy the software into the computer's random) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
1.33 Tw
(access memory \() Tj
(ªRAM) Tj
(º\), which is a form of computer data) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
3.22 Tw
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/F4 12 Tf 100 Tz
(See ) Tj
(MAI) Tj
/F2 12 Tf 100 Tz
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/F1 12 Tf 100 Tz
0 -13.1 Td
1.47 Tw
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/F2 12 Tf 100 Tz
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0 -13.1 Td
2.71 Tw
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0 -13.1 Td
.43 Tw
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0 -13.1 Td
.89 Tw
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0 -13.1 Td
1.14 Tw
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0 -13.1 Td
1.2 Tw
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(º 17 U.S.C. §) Tj
0 Tw
( ) Tj
1.2 Tw
(117\(a\)\(1\).) Tj
12 -26 Td
1.33 Tw
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(ªowner of a copy) Tj
(º of) Tj
-12 -13.1 Td
2.57 Tw
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0 -13.1 Td
.77 Tw
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(ªowner of a particular copy) Tj
(º of copyrighted software) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
5 Tw
(may claim the first sale doctrine. 17 U.S.C. §§) Tj
0 Tw
( ) Tj
5 Tw
(109\(a\),) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
2.74 Tw
(117\(a\)\(1\). The ) Tj
/F4 12 Tf 100 Tz
(MAI) Tj
/F2 12 Tf 100 Tz
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(ªowner of a) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
.55 Tw
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0 -13.1 Td
1.83 Tw
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0 -13.1 Td
2.96 Tw
(the word ) Tj
(ªparticular) Tj
(º alters the phrase's meaning, and we) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
.67 Tw
(ªpresume that words used more than once in the same statute) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
1.91 Tw
(have the same meaning throughout.) Tj
(º ) Tj
/F4 12 Tf 100 Tz
(Moldo v. Matsco, Inc) Tj
/F2 12 Tf 100 Tz
(.) Tj
/F4 12 Tf 100 Tz
0 -13.1 Td
.77 Tw
(\(In re Cybernetic Servs., Inc.\)) Tj
/F2 12 Tf 100 Tz
(, 252 F.3d 1039, 1051 \(9th Cir.) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
1.38 Tw
(2002\). Accordingly, we consider the ) Tj
/F4 12 Tf 100 Tz
(MAI) Tj
/F2 12 Tf 100 Tz
( trio's construction) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
1.53 Tw
(of ) Tj
(ªowner of a copy) Tj
(º controlling in our analysis of whether) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
1.45 Tw
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(º of) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
1.2 Tw
(Release 14 software.) Tj
12 -26 Td
2.67 Tw
(In ) Tj
/F4 12 Tf 100 Tz
(MAI) Tj
/F2 12 Tf 100 Tz
( and ) Tj
/F4 12 Tf 100 Tz
(Triad) Tj
/F2 12 Tf 100 Tz
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-12 -13.1 Td
1.91 Tw
(that ran the plaintiffs' operating system software. ) Tj
/F4 12 Tf 100 Tz
(MAI) Tj
/F2 12 Tf 100 Tz
(, 991) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
.5 Tw
(F.2d at 513; ) Tj
/F4 12 Tf 100 Tz
(Triad) Tj
/F2 12 Tf 100 Tz
(, 64 F.3d at 1333. When the defendants ran) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
.83 Tw
(the computers, the computers automatically loaded plaintiffs') Tj
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156 -136.5 Td
1.1 Tw
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(13876) Tj
90.7449 0 Td
(V) Tj
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.79 Tw
(ERNOR) Tj
/F2 11 Tf 100 Tz
0 Ts
1.1 Tw
( v. A) Tj
/F2 7.7 Tf 101.2 Tz
.79 Tw
(UTODESK) Tj
/F2 11 Tf 100 Tz
0 Ts
1.1 Tw
(, I) Tj
/F2 7.7 Tf 101.2 Tz
.79 Tw
(NC) Tj
/F2 11 Tf 100 Tz
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/F4 12 Tf 100 Tz
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(. ) Tj
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(Wall Data) Tj
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/F4 12 Tf 100 Tz
(Id) Tj
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(Id) Tj
/F2 12 Tf 100 Tz
(. at 776.) Tj
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12 -26.6 Td
.61 Tw
([4]) Tj
/F2 12 Tf 100 Tz
() Tj
3 Tw
( ) Tj
.61 Tw
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(º) Tj
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/F4 12 Tf 100 Tz
(Id) Tj
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(Id) Tj
/F2 12 Tf 100 Tz
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0 -13.4 Td
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/F4 12 Tf 100 Tz
(Id) Tj
/F2 12 Tf 100 Tz
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(MAI) Tj
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/F4 12 Tf 100 Tz
(Id) Tj
/F2 12 Tf 100 Tz
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1.1 Tw
( v. A) Tj
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(UTODESK) Tj
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1.1 Tw
(, I) Tj
/F2 7.7 Tf 101.2 Tz
.79 Tw
(NC) Tj
/F2 11 Tf 100 Tz
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/F4 12 Tf 100 Tz
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/F4 12 Tf 100 Tz
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(MAI) Tj
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(MAI) Tj
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4.9 Ts
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(11) Tj
0 Ts
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/F4 12 Tf 100 Tz
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(MAI) Tj
/F2 12 Tf 100 Tz
( trio and ) Tj
/F4 12 Tf 100 Tz
(Wise) Tj
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(MAI) Tj
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(Wise. See Cisneros-Perez v. Gonzales) Tj
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(º\)) Tj
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(11) Tj
0 Ts
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/F2 10 Tf 100 Tz
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( ) Tj
2.73 Tw
(117\(c\); ) Tj
/F4 12 Tf 100 Tz
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0 -12.5 Td
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0 -12.5 Td
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/F1 12 Tf 100 Tz
141.834 -24.8 Td
(IV.) Tj
-141.834 -24.9 Td
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9 Tw
( ) Tj
1.2 Tw
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/F2 12 Tf 100 Tz
12 -24.9 Td
1.4 Tw
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/F4 12 Tf 100 Tz
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.6 Tw
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1.92 Tw
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0 -12.5 Td
.77 Tw
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0 -12.5 Td
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0 -12.5 Td
.41 Tw
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0 -12.5 Td
.51 Tw
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0 -12.5 Td
1.71 Tw
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0 -12.5 Td
1.41 Tw
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0 -12.5 Td
1.2 Tw
(essential step defense. ) Tj
/F2 12 Tf 100 Tz
12 -24.9 Td
1.3 Tw
(The district court acknowledged that were it to follow the) Tj
/F4 12 Tf 100 Tz
-12 -12.5 Td
4.28 Tw
(MAI) Tj
/F2 12 Tf 100 Tz
( trio, it would conclude that Autodesk had licensed) Tj
0 -12.5 Td
1.55 Tw
(Release 14 copies to CTA, rather than sold them. However,) Tj
0 -12.6 Td
1.09 Tw
(it viewed ) Tj
/F4 12 Tf 100 Tz
(Wise) Tj
/F2 12 Tf 100 Tz
( and the ) Tj
/F4 12 Tf 100 Tz
(MAI) Tj
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2.77 Tw
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/F4 12 Tf 100 Tz
(Wise) Tj
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( as the first-decided case. ) Tj
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0 -12.6 Td
1.2 Tw
(Rodriguez-Lara) Tj
/F2 12 Tf 100 Tz
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/F1 12 Tf 100 Tz
0 -24.9 Td
(B.) Tj
9 Tw
( ) Tj
1.2 Tw
(Analysis) Tj
/F1 12 Tf 100 Tz
12 -24.9 Td
.87 Tw
([5]) Tj
/F2 12 Tf 100 Tz
() Tj
3 Tw
( ) Tj
.87 Tw
(We hold today that a software user is a licensee rather) Tj
-12 -12.6 Td
.33 Tw
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0 -12.6 Td
.2 Tw
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0 -12.6 Td
2.55 Tw
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0 -12.6 Td
.37 Tw
(notable use restrictions.) Tj
4.9 Ts
/F5 6 Tf 100 Tz
(12) Tj
0 Ts
/F2 12 Tf 100 Tz
( Applying our holding to Autodesk's) Tj
/F2 10 Tf 100 Tz
10 -24.7 Td
4.1 Ts
/F5 6 Tf 100 Tz
.94 Tw
(12) Tj
0 Ts
/F2 10 Tf 100 Tz
(We review the district court's grant of summary judgment to Vernor) Tj
-10 -10.7 Td
1.85 Tw
(de novo. ) Tj
/F4 10 Tf 100 Tz
(Padfield v. AIG Life Ins. Co.) Tj
/F2 10 Tf 100 Tz
(, 290 F.3d 1121, 1124 \(9th Cir.) Tj
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(2002\). ) Tj
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0 -12.4 Td
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(invoke the first sale doctrine or the essential step defense. ) Tj
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([6]) Tj
/F2 12 Tf 100 Tz
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( ) Tj
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0 -12.4 Td
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0 -12.4 Td
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0 -12.4 Td
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0 -12.5 Td
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0 -12.5 Td
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0 -12.5 Td
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0 -12.5 Td
2.58 Tw
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/F1 12 Tf 100 Tz
12 -24.7 Td
.34 Tw
([7]) Tj
/F2 12 Tf 100 Tz
() Tj
3 Tw
( ) Tj
.34 Tw
(CTA was a licensee rather than an ) Tj
(ªowner of a particu-) Tj
-12 -12.5 Td
1.64 Tw
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0 -12.5 Td
1.23 Tw
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0 -12.5 Td
.55 Tw
(U.S.C. §) Tj
0 Tw
( ) Tj
.55 Tw
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0 -12.5 Td
1.41 Tw
(copies from CTA and accordingly could not pass ownership) Tj
0 -12.5 Td
4.87 Tw
(on to others. Both CTA's and Vernor's sales infringed) Tj
0 -12.5 Td
.33 Tw
(Autodesk's exclusive right to distribute copies of its work. ) Tj
/F4 12 Tf 100 Tz
(Id) Tj
/F2 12 Tf 100 Tz
(.) Tj
0 -12.5 Td
1.2 Tw
(§) Tj
0 Tw
( ) Tj
1.2 Tw
(106\(3\). ) Tj
/F1 12 Tf 100 Tz
12 -24.8 Td
1.8 Tw
([8]) Tj
/F2 12 Tf 100 Tz
() Tj
3 Tw
( ) Tj
1.8 Tw
(Because Vernor was not an owner, his customers are) Tj
-12 -12.5 Td
1.52 Tw
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0 -12.5 Td
1.23 Tw
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0 -12.5 Td
1.95 Tw
(ware that they make during installation infringe Autodesk's) Tj
0 -12.5 Td
.83 Tw
(exclusive reproduction right because they too are not entitled) Tj
0 -12.5 Td
4.4 Tw
(to the benefit of the essential step defense.) Tj
4.9 Ts
/F5 6 Tf 100 Tz
(13) Tj
0 Ts
/F2 12 Tf 100 Tz
( 17 U.S.C.) Tj
0 -12.5 Td
1.2 Tw
(§§) Tj
0 Tw
( ) Tj
1.2 Tw
(106\(1\), 117\(a\)\(1\). ) Tj
/F2 10 Tf 100 Tz
10 -24.7 Td
4.1 Ts
/F5 6 Tf 100 Tz
.38 Tw
(13) Tj
0 Ts
/F2 10 Tf 100 Tz
(It may seem intuitive that every lawful user of a copyrighted software) Tj
-10 -10.6 Td
2.12 Tw
(program, whether they own their copies or are merely licensed to use) Tj
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.53 Tw
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1.21 Tw
(§) Tj
0 Tw
( ) Tj
1.21 Tw
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(º. H.R. Rep. No. 94-1476, at 79 \(1976\),) Tj
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(reprinted in ) Tj
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(º ) Tj
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(Id) Tj
/F2 12 Tf 100 Tz
(. ) Tj
/F1 12 Tf 100 Tz
12 -26.5 Td
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([10]) Tj
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() Tj
3 Tw
( ) Tj
.94 Tw
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-12 -13.4 Td
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2.07 Tw
(to claim the essential step defense is also supported by the) Tj
0 -13.4 Td
.61 Tw
(legislative history. Congress enacted §) Tj
0 Tw
( ) Tj
.61 Tw
(117 following a report) Tj
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1.75 Tw
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0 -13.4 Td
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(ªCONTU) Tj
(º\) proposing Copyright Act) Tj
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.42 Tw
(amendments. ) Tj
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/F2 12 Tf 100 Tz
(,) Tj
0 -13.4 Td
.86 Tw
(170 F.3d 1354, 1360 \(Fed. Cir. 1999\) \(citing ) Tj
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0 -13.4 Td
4.04 Tw
(the National Commission on New Technological Uses of) Tj
0 -13.4 Td
.8 Tw
(Copyrighted Works) Tj
/F2 12 Tf 100 Tz
(, U.S. Dept. of Commerce, PB-282141, at) Tj
0 -13.3 Td
.22 Tw
(30 \(July 31, 1978\)\). CONTU's proposed version of §) Tj
0 Tw
( ) Tj
.22 Tw
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0 -13.3 Td
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/F4 12 Tf 100 Tz
(Id) Tj
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(. CONTU's version provided, ) Tj
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(º ) Tj
/F4 12 Tf 100 Tz
(Id) Tj
/F2 12 Tf 100 Tz
(. Without explanation,) Tj
0 -13.3 Td
3.66 Tw
(Congress substituted ) Tj
(ªowner) Tj
(º for ) Tj
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(º ) Tj
/F4 12 Tf 100 Tz
(Id) Tj
/F2 12 Tf 100 Tz
(.) Tj
0 -13.3 Td
.71 Tw
(This modification suggests that more than rightful possession) Tj
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0 -26.2 Td
1.1 Tw
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(ªessential step defense) Tj
(º that provides that) Tj
0 -11.3 Td
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1.06 Tw
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0 -11.3 Td
.96 Tw
(owners of software copies. ) Tj
/F4 10 Tf 100 Tz
(See) Tj
/F2 10 Tf 100 Tz
( 17 U.S.C. §) Tj
0 Tw
( ) Tj
.96 Tw
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0 -11.3 Td
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(, I) Tj
/F2 7.7 Tf 101.2 Tz
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/F1 12 Tf 100 Tz
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(C.) Tj
9 Tw
( ) Tj
1.2 Tw
(Vernor's four counterarguments are not persuasive) Tj
/F2 12 Tf 100 Tz
11 -25.8 Td
(1.) Tj
9 Tw
( ) Tj
1.2 Tw
/F4 12 Tf 100 Tz
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21 -13.1 Td
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/F2 12 Tf 100 Tz
-20 -25.9 Td
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-12 -13 Td
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(that \(1\) ) Tj
/F4 12 Tf 100 Tz
(Wise) Tj
/F2 12 Tf 100 Tz
( is the controlling precedent and \(2\) under ) Tj
/F4 12 Tf 100 Tz
(Wise) Tj
/F2 12 Tf 100 Tz
(,) Tj
0 -13 Td
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(the key factor is whether transferees are entitled to indefinite) Tj
0 -13 Td
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(possession of their copy of a copyrighted work. As explained) Tj
/F4 12 Tf 100 Tz
0 -13 Td
.15 Tw
(supra) Tj
/F2 12 Tf 100 Tz
(, we disagree. In ) Tj
/F4 12 Tf 100 Tz
(Wise) Tj
/F2 12 Tf 100 Tz
(, we utilized a multi-factor balanc-) Tj
0 -13 Td
1.27 Tw
(ing test to distinguish between a first sale and a license of a) Tj
0 -13 Td
.81 Tw
(copyrighted film print. ) Tj
/F4 12 Tf 100 Tz
(United States v. Wise) Tj
/F2 12 Tf 100 Tz
(, 550 F.2d 1180,) Tj
0 -13 Td
.83 Tw
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0 -13 Td
.05 Tw
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0 -13 Td
2.05 Tw
(we did not treat it as dispositive. If we had, we would not) Tj
0 -13 Td
.78 Tw
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0 -13 Td
2.51 Tw
(retention of title, copying prohibitions, and lending restric-) Tj
0 -13 Td
2.81 Tw
(tions. ) Tj
/F4 12 Tf 100 Tz
(Id) Tj
/F2 12 Tf 100 Tz
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/F4 12 Tf 100 Tz
(Wise) Tj
/F2 12 Tf 100 Tz
( that two agreements) Tj
0 -13 Td
.66 Tw
(were licenses rather than first sales, even though those agree-) Tj
0 -13 Td
1 Tw
(ments did not describe any provision requiring the transferee) Tj
0 -13 Td
.81 Tw
(to return the prints to the copyright owners. ) Tj
/F4 12 Tf 100 Tz
(Id) Tj
/F2 12 Tf 100 Tz
(. at 1192 \(ana-) Tj
0 -13 Td
1.2 Tw
(lyzing VIP agreements for ) Tj
/F4 12 Tf 100 Tz
(The Sting) Tj
/F2 12 Tf 100 Tz
( and ) Tj
/F4 12 Tf 100 Tz
(Funny Girl) Tj
/F2 12 Tf 100 Tz
(\).) Tj
4.9 Ts
/F5 6 Tf 100 Tz
.5 Tw
(14) Tj
0 Ts
/F2 10 Tf 100 Tz
10 -25.8 Td
4.1 Ts
/F5 6 Tf 100 Tz
.48 Tw
(14) Tj
0 Ts
/F2 10 Tf 100 Tz
(We also note that for some of the ) Tj
/F4 10 Tf 100 Tz
(Wise) Tj
/F2 10 Tf 100 Tz
( films, there was a lack of evi-) Tj
-10 -11.1 Td
1.34 Tw
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1.11 Tw
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0 -11.1 Td
.68 Tw
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0 -11.1 Td
.83 Tw
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/F4 10 Tf 100 Tz
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/F2 10 Tf 100 Tz
(, 550 F.2d at 1191-92 \() Tj
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0 -11.1 Td
1.34 Tw
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0 -11.1 Td
.73 Tw
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0 -11.1 Td
.39 Tw
(absence of such proof, the Government has failed in its burden of proving) Tj
0 -11.1 Td
.76 Tw
(the absence of first sale of the photoplay ) Tj
/F4 10 Tf 100 Tz
(Funny Girl.) Tj
/F2 10 Tf 100 Tz
(º\) Here, in contrast,) Tj
0 -11.1 Td
1.42 Tw
(the undisputed evidence includes the SLA between Autodesk and CTA,) Tj
0 -11.1 Td
.21 Tw
(which reflects the absence of a first sale. The SLA evidences both the par-) Tj
0 -11.1 Td
2.39 Tw
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0 -11.1 Td
1 Tw
(restrictions that distinguish the transfer from an outright first sale. ) Tj
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( v. A) Tj
/F2 7.7 Tf 101.2 Tz
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/F2 11 Tf 100 Tz
0 Ts
1.1 Tw
(, I) Tj
/F2 7.7 Tf 101.2 Tz
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(NC) Tj
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(2.) Tj
9 Tw
( ) Tj
1.2 Tw
/F4 12 Tf 100 Tz
(Circuit split with the Federal and Second Circuits) Tj
/F2 12 Tf 100 Tz
1 -26 Td
.58 Tw
(Vernor contends that reversing the district court will create) Tj
-12 -13 Td
.83 Tw
(a circuit split with the Federal and Second Circuits. ) Tj
/F4 12 Tf 100 Tz
(See DSC) Tj
0 -13 Td
2.82 Tw
(Commc'ns Corp. v. Pulse Commc'ns, Inc.) Tj
/F2 12 Tf 100 Tz
(, 170 F.3d 1354) Tj
0 -13 Td
.63 Tw
(\(Fed. Cir. 1999\); ) Tj
/F4 12 Tf 100 Tz
(Krause v. Titleserv, Inc.) Tj
/F2 12 Tf 100 Tz
(, 402 F.3d 119 \(2nd) Tj
0 -13 Td
1.2 Tw
(Cir. 2005\). We disagree. ) Tj
12 -26 Td
2.12 Tw
(In ) Tj
/F4 12 Tf 100 Tz
(DSC) Tj
/F2 12 Tf 100 Tz
(, the Federal Circuit considered the essential step) Tj
-12 -13 Td
2.13 Tw
(defense in a case in which the plaintiff and defendant sold) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
3.18 Tw
(competing telephone systems hardware cards. 170 F.3d at) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
2.5 Tw
(1358. Rather than develop its own software, the defendant) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
.83 Tw
(used its hardware to download plaintiff's software into RAM) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
.57 Tw
(upon installation. ) Tj
/F4 12 Tf 100 Tz
(Id) Tj
/F2 12 Tf 100 Tz
(. The plaintiff argued that this constituted) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
1.24 Tw
(copyright infringement, and the defendant countered that the) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
1.16 Tw
(relevant customers owned plaintiff's software, entitling them) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
.3 Tw
(to an essential step defense. ) Tj
/F4 12 Tf 100 Tz
(Id) Tj
/F2 12 Tf 100 Tz
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0 -13.1 Td
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(the relevant license agreement's transfer and use restrictions.) Tj
/F4 12 Tf 100 Tz
0 -13.1 Td
1.75 Tw
(Id) Tj
/F2 12 Tf 100 Tz
(. at 1360-61. Although the Federal Circuit rejected ) Tj
/F4 12 Tf 100 Tz
(MAI) Tj
/F2 12 Tf 100 Tz
('s) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
1.81 Tw
(ªcharacterization of all licensees as non-owners,) Tj
(º it deemed) Tj
/F4 12 Tf 100 Tz
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.17 Tw
(MAI) Tj
/F2 12 Tf 100 Tz
( ) Tj
(ªinstructive) Tj
(º and determined that the agreements there in) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
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/F4 12 Tf 100 Tz
(Id) Tj
/F2 12 Tf 100 Tz
(. at 1360. Although ) Tj
/F4 12 Tf 100 Tz
(DSC) Tj
/F2 12 Tf 100 Tz
( is thus nar-) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
1.56 Tw
(rower than ) Tj
/F4 12 Tf 100 Tz
(MAI) Tj
/F2 12 Tf 100 Tz
(, it does not conflict with our holding today) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
.63 Tw
(that a software customer bound by a restrictive license agree-) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
.69 Tw
(ment may be a licensee of a copy not entitled to the first sale) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
1.2 Tw
(doctrine or the essential step defense.) Tj
12 -26 Td
.47 Tw
(The Second Circuit's decision in ) Tj
/F4 12 Tf 100 Tz
(Krause) Tj
/F2 12 Tf 100 Tz
( is distinguishable.) Tj
-12 -13.1 Td
4.67 Tw
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/F4 12 Tf 100 Tz
(Krause) Tj
/F2 12 Tf 100 Tz
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0 -13.1 Td
0 Tw
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0 -13.1 Td
.14 Tw
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/F4 12 Tf 100 Tz
(Krause) Tj
/F2 12 Tf 100 Tz
(, 402) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
.84 Tw
(F.3d at 120-21. The Second Circuit considered the totality of) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
2.42 Tw
(the parties' agreement to determine that the defendant was) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
2.27 Tw
(entitled to an essential step defense. ) Tj
/F4 12 Tf 100 Tz
(Id) Tj
/F2 12 Tf 100 Tz
(. at 124. In ) Tj
/F4 12 Tf 100 Tz
(Krause) Tj
/F2 12 Tf 100 Tz
(,) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
1.37 Tw
(unlike here, the parties did not have a written license agree-) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
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(ment, the defendant-employer had paid the plaintiff-employee) Tj
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(ERNOR) Tj
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1.1 Tw
( v. A) Tj
/F2 7.7 Tf 101.2 Tz
.79 Tw
(UTODESK) Tj
/F2 11 Tf 100 Tz
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1.1 Tw
(, I) Tj
/F2 7.7 Tf 101.2 Tz
.79 Tw
(NC) Tj
/F2 11 Tf 100 Tz
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(ªforever,) Tj
(º regardless of whether the parties') Tj
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(Id) Tj
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(Id) Tj
/F2 12 Tf 100 Tz
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/F4 12 Tf 100 Tz
(Krause) Tj
/F2 12 Tf 100 Tz
( are not con-) Tj
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(trary to our determination that CTA is a licensee rather than) Tj
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1.2 Tw
(an owner.) Tj
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(3.) Tj
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( ) Tj
1.2 Tw
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(The Supreme Court's holding in ) Tj
(Bobbs-Merrill) Tj
/F2 12 Tf 100 Tz
1 -26 Td
1.1 Tw
(Vernor contends that ) Tj
/F4 12 Tf 100 Tz
(Bobbs-Merrill) Tj
/F2 12 Tf 100 Tz
( establishes his entitle-) Tj
-12 -13.1 Td
.93 Tw
(ment to a first sale defense. ) Tj
/F4 12 Tf 100 Tz
(See Bobbs-Merrill Co. v. Straus) Tj
/F2 12 Tf 100 Tz
(,) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
.33 Tw
(210 U.S. 339 \(1908\). However, ) Tj
/F4 12 Tf 100 Tz
(Bobbs-Merrill) Tj
/F2 12 Tf 100 Tz
( stands only for) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
.14 Tw
(the proposition that a copyright owner's exclusive distribution) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
1.44 Tw
(right does not allow it to control sales of copies of its work) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
.47 Tw
(after the first sale. ) Tj
/F4 12 Tf 100 Tz
(Id) Tj
/F2 12 Tf 100 Tz
(. at 350. Decided in 1908, ) Tj
/F4 12 Tf 100 Tz
(Bobbs-Merrill) Tj
/F2 12 Tf 100 Tz
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2.53 Tw
(did not and could not address the question of whether the) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
.87 Tw
(right to use software is distinct from the ownership of copies) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
1.67 Tw
(of software. Moreover, the Supreme Court in ) Tj
/F4 12 Tf 100 Tz
(Bobbs-Merrill) Tj
/F2 12 Tf 100 Tz
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3.13 Tw
(made explicit that its decision did not address the use of) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
.93 Tw
(restrictions to create a license. ) Tj
/F4 12 Tf 100 Tz
(Id) Tj
/F2 12 Tf 100 Tz
(. \() Tj
(ªThere is no claim in this) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
1.14 Tw
(case of contract limitation, nor license agreement controlling) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
1.2 Tw
(the subsequent sales of the book.) Tj
(º\)) Tj
11 -26 Td
(4.) Tj
9 Tw
( ) Tj
1.2 Tw
/F4 12 Tf 100 Tz
(Economic realities of the transaction) Tj
/F2 12 Tf 100 Tz
1 -26 Td
1.05 Tw
(Finally, Vernor contends that ) Tj
(ªeconomic realities) Tj
(º demon-) Tj
-12 -13.1 Td
3.71 Tw
(strate that Autodesk makes ) Tj
(ªfirst sales) Tj
(º to its customers,) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
.33 Tw
(because Autodesk allows its customers to possess their copies) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
2.75 Tw
(of the software indefinitely and does not require recurring) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
.81 Tw
(license payments. We held ) Tj
/F4 12 Tf 100 Tz
(supra) Tj
/F2 12 Tf 100 Tz
( that neither of these factors) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
1.1 Tw
(is dispositive. Vernor cites no first sale doctrine case in sup-) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
.5 Tw
(port of this proposition. Rather, he cites ) Tj
/F4 12 Tf 100 Tz
(In re DAK Indus.,) Tj
/F2 12 Tf 100 Tz
( 66) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
1.9 Tw
(F.3d 1091, 1095 \(9th Cir. 1995\), a case in which we inter-) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
2.42 Tw
(preted the Bankruptcy Code to decide whether a particular) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
.46 Tw
(transaction should be considered a pre-petition sale. We com-) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
2.91 Tw
(mented that ) Tj
(ª[w]hen applying the bankruptcy code to this) Tj
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(13884) Tj
90.7449 0 Td
(V) Tj
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.79 Tw
(ERNOR) Tj
/F2 11 Tf 100 Tz
0 Ts
1.1 Tw
( v. A) Tj
/F2 7.7 Tf 101.2 Tz
.79 Tw
(UTODESK) Tj
/F2 11 Tf 100 Tz
0 Ts
1.1 Tw
(, I) Tj
/F2 7.7 Tf 101.2 Tz
.79 Tw
(NC) Tj
/F2 11 Tf 100 Tz
0 Ts
1.1 Tw
(.) Tj
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(transaction, we must look through its form to the `economic) Tj
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(realities of the particular arrangement.') Tj
0 Tw
( ) Tj
.78 Tw
(º ) Tj
/F4 12 Tf 100 Tz
(Id) Tj
/F2 12 Tf 100 Tz
(. Nothing in ) Tj
/F4 12 Tf 100 Tz
(DAK) Tj
/F2 12 Tf 100 Tz
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1.2 Tw
(is contrary to our reconciliation of ) Tj
/F4 12 Tf 100 Tz
(Wise) Tj
/F2 12 Tf 100 Tz
( and the ) Tj
/F4 12 Tf 100 Tz
(MAI) Tj
/F2 12 Tf 100 Tz
( trio.) Tj
/F1 12 Tf 100 Tz
144.168 -26 Td
(V.) Tj
/F2 12 Tf 100 Tz
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.62 Tw
(Although our holding today is controlled by our precedent,) Tj
-12 -13 Td
1.85 Tw
(we recognize the significant policy considerations raised by) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
1.2 Tw
(the parties and amici on both sides of this appeal.) Tj
12 -26 Td
2.38 Tw
(Autodesk, the Software & Information Industry Associa-) Tj
-12 -13.1 Td
.37 Tw
(tion \() Tj
(ªSIIA) Tj
(º\), and the Motion Picture Association of America) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
2.52 Tw
(\() Tj
(ªMPAA) Tj
(º\) have presented policy arguments that favor our) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
3.66 Tw
(result. For instance, Autodesk argues in favor of judicial) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
.14 Tw
(enforcement of software license agreements that restrict trans-) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
2.1 Tw
(fers of copies of the work. Autodesk contends that this \(1\)) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
1.21 Tw
(allows for tiered pricing for different software markets, such) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
.58 Tw
(as reduced pricing for students or educational institutions; \(2\)) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
1 Tw
(increases software companies' sales; \(3\) lowers prices for all) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
1.14 Tw
(consumers by spreading costs among a large number of pur-) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
1.3 Tw
(chasers; and \(4\) reduces the incidence of piracy by allowing) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
.9 Tw
(copyright owners to bring infringement actions against unau-) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
1.93 Tw
(thorized resellers. SIIA argues that a license can exist even) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
.15 Tw
(where a customer \(1\) receives his copy of the work after mak-) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
1.27 Tw
(ing a single payment and \(2\) can indefinitely possess a soft-) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
2.82 Tw
(ware copy, because it is the software code and associated) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
1.74 Tw
(rights that are valuable rather than the inexpensive discs on) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
1.47 Tw
(which the code may be stored. Also, the MPAA argues that) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
2.83 Tw
(a customer's ability to possess a copyrighted work indefi-) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
2.57 Tw
(nitely should not compel a finding of a first sale, because) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
1.8 Tw
(there is often no practically feasible way for a consumer to) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
1.2 Tw
(return a copy to the copyright owner. ) Tj
12 -26 Td
5.55 Tw
(Vernor, eBay, and the American Library Association) Tj
-12 -13.1 Td
1.85 Tw
(\(ªALAº\) have presented policy arguments against our deci-) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
.44 Tw
(sion. Vernor contends that our decision \(1\) does not vindicate) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
.25 Tw
(the law's aversion to restraints on alienation of personal prop-) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
.42 Tw
(erty; \(2\) may force everyone purchasing copyrighted property) Tj
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1.1 Tw
0 Tc
(13885) Tj
-181.7551 0 Td
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/F2 7.7 Tf 101.2 Tz
.79 Tw
(ERNOR) Tj
/F2 11 Tf 100 Tz
0 Ts
1.1 Tw
( v. A) Tj
/F2 7.7 Tf 101.2 Tz
.79 Tw
(UTODESK) Tj
/F2 11 Tf 100 Tz
0 Ts
1.1 Tw
(, I) Tj
/F2 7.7 Tf 101.2 Tz
.79 Tw
(NC) Tj
/F2 11 Tf 100 Tz
0 Ts
1.1 Tw
(.) Tj
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(to trace the chain of title to ensure that a first sale occurred;) Tj
0 -13 Td
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(and \(3\) ignores the economic realities of the relevant transac-) Tj
0 -13 Td
3.42 Tw
(tions, in which the copyright owner permanently released) Tj
0 -13 Td
.17 Tw
(software copies into the stream of commerce without expecta-) Tj
0 -13 Td
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0 -13 Td
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0 -13 Td
2.33 Tw
(doctrine is necessary to facilitate the creation of secondary) Tj
0 -13 Td
.71 Tw
(markets for copyrighted works, which contributes to the pub-) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
1.41 Tw
(lic good by \(1\) giving consumers additional opportunities to) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
3.04 Tw
(purchase and sell copyrighted works, often at below-retail) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
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(prices; \(2\) allowing consumers to obtain copies of works after) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
1.83 Tw
(a copyright owner has ceased distribution; and \(3\) allowing) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
1.2 Tw
(the proliferation of businesses. ) Tj
12 -26 Td
.41 Tw
(The ALA contends that the first sale doctrine facilitates the) Tj
-12 -13.1 Td
1.1 Tw
(availability of copyrighted works after their commercial life-) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
2.18 Tw
(span, by ) Tj
/F4 12 Tf 100 Tz
(inter alia) Tj
/F2 12 Tf 100 Tz
( enabling the existence of libraries, used) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
.16 Tw
(bookstores, and hand-to-hand exchanges of copyrighted mate-) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
1.21 Tw
(rials. The ALA further contends that judicial enforcement of) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
3.52 Tw
(software license agreements, which are often contracts of) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
1.1 Tw
(adhesion, could eliminate the software resale market, require) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
2.25 Tw
(used computer sellers to delete legitimate software prior to) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
3.21 Tw
(sale, and increase prices for consumers by reducing price) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
.38 Tw
(competition for software vendors. It contends that Autodesk's) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
.37 Tw
(position \(1\) undermines 17 U.S.C. §) Tj
0 Tw
( ) Tj
.37 Tw
(109\(b\)\(2\), which permits) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
1 Tw
(non-profit libraries to lend software for non-commercial pur-) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
.88 Tw
(poses, and \(2\) would hamper efforts by non-profits to collect) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
2.3 Tw
(and preserve out-of-print software. The ALA fears that the) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
2.24 Tw
(software industry's licensing practices could be adopted by) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
3.55 Tw
(other copyright owners, including book publishers, record) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
1.2 Tw
(labels, and movie studios.) Tj
12 -26 Td
.16 Tw
(These are serious contentions on both sides, but they do not) Tj
-12 -13.1 Td
.47 Tw
(alter our conclusion that our precedent from ) Tj
/F4 12 Tf 100 Tz
(Wise) Tj
/F2 12 Tf 100 Tz
( through the) Tj
/F4 12 Tf 100 Tz
0 -13.1 Td
2.47 Tw
(MAI) Tj
/F2 12 Tf 100 Tz
( trio requires the result we reach. Congress is free, of) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
.7 Tw
(course, to modify the first sale doctrine and the essential step) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
2.63 Tw
(defense if it deems these or other policy considerations to) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
1.2 Tw
(require a different approach.) Tj
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1.1 Tw
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(13886) Tj
90.7449 0 Td
(V) Tj
/F2 7.7 Tf 101.2 Tz
.79 Tw
(ERNOR) Tj
/F2 11 Tf 100 Tz
0 Ts
1.1 Tw
( v. A) Tj
/F2 7.7 Tf 101.2 Tz
.79 Tw
(UTODESK) Tj
/F2 11 Tf 100 Tz
0 Ts
1.1 Tw
(, I) Tj
/F2 7.7 Tf 101.2 Tz
.79 Tw
(NC) Tj
/F2 11 Tf 100 Tz
0 Ts
1.1 Tw
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(VI.) Tj
/F2 12 Tf 100 Tz
-129.834 -26.2 Td
3.58 Tw
(The district court did not consider Vernor's claim that) Tj
-12 -13.2 Td
.53 Tw
(Autodesk misused its copyright. Copyright misuse is an equi-) Tj
0 -13.2 Td
1.67 Tw
(table defense to copyright infringement which precludes the) Tj
0 -13.2 Td
2.9 Tw
(copyright holder's enforcement of its copyright during the) Tj
0 -13.2 Td
1.77 Tw
(misuse period. ) Tj
/F4 12 Tf 100 Tz
(See Practice Mgmt. Info. Corp. v. Am. Med.) Tj
0 -13.2 Td
2.6 Tw
(Ass'n) Tj
/F2 12 Tf 100 Tz
(, 121 F.3d 516, 520 n.9 \(9th Cir. 1997\). The district) Tj
0 -13.2 Td
1.3 Tw
(court reasoned that a misuse defense would not benefit Ver-) Tj
0 -13.2 Td
.03 Tw
(nor since he prevailed on copyright infringement below. Since) Tj
0 -13.2 Td
1 Tw
(we reverse the district court's grant of summary judgment in) Tj
0 -13.2 Td
.8 Tw
(Vernor's favor on copyright infringement, we remand for the) Tj
0 -13.2 Td
1.75 Tw
(district court to consider Vernor's copyright misuse defense) Tj
0 -13.2 Td
1.2 Tw
(in the first instance.) Tj
/F1 12 Tf 100 Tz
139.5 -26.2 Td
(VII.) Tj
/F1 12 Tf 100 Tz
-127.5 -26.2 Td
.58 Tw
([11]) Tj
/F2 12 Tf 100 Tz
() Tj
3 Tw
( ) Tj
.58 Tw
(We vacate the district court's grant of summary judg-) Tj
-12 -13.2 Td
2.37 Tw
(ment in Vernor's favor and remand. We hold that because) Tj
0 -13.2 Td
.89 Tw
(CTA is a licensee, not an owner, the ) Tj
(ªsale) Tj
(º of its Release 14) Tj
0 -13.2 Td
.3 Tw
(copies to Vernor did not convey ownership. Vernor is accord-) Tj
0 -13.2 Td
.2 Tw
(ingly not entitled to invoke the first sale doctrine or the essen-) Tj
0 -13.2 Td
1.14 Tw
(tial step defense, on behalf of his customers. We remand for) Tj
0 -13.2 Td
3.26 Tw
(further proceedings consistent with this opinion, including) Tj
0 -13.2 Td
1.2 Tw
(consideration of Vernor's copyright misuse defense. ) Tj
/F1 12 Tf 100 Tz
12 -26.2 Td
(VACATED AND REMANDED.) Tj
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1.1 Tw
0 Tc
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.79 Tw
(ERNOR) Tj
/F2 11 Tf 100 Tz
0 Ts
1.1 Tw
( v. A) Tj
/F2 7.7 Tf 101.2 Tz
.79 Tw
(UTODESK) Tj
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